If you ever think you'll need more inputs and outputs than you have at present, the best approach is to choose an interface that already has multi-device drivers, such as the ones I've mentioned. Then, when you buy another compatible interface, your ASIO (Audio Streaming Input Output) compatible audio applications will simply see one larger interface. Most musicians find this runs like a dream, althoughin the case of multiple PCI cards, very occasionally the odd PC motherboard may throw a spanner in the works and prevent the cards from running smoothly alongside each other.
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There is also one sure way of combining several completely different interface models from different manufacturers without running into problems, and that's when they are each performing an entirely separate task. For instance, I'm currently running three PCI interfaces in my PC. The main one I use for my ASIO audio recording/playback is Emu's 1820M, because, of the three, this one has the best converter quality. However, I haven't discarded my old Echo Mia, bought in 2001, because I still use it with GSIF drivers for Gigastudio 3 (the Emu range doesn't offer GSIF support, and although I could connect Cubase SX and Gigastudio 3 internally, using Rewire, I often find that approach more complex and frustrating). My third interface is a Yamaha SW1000XG, bought in 1998 and no longer used for audio, but still occasionally called upon for its MIDI synth.
But there are some restrictions you should bear in mind. As I explained in some detail in my two-part feature on 'Real World Latency', back in SOS September/October 2002, in addition to the latency imposed by the interface's buffer size, the interface's A-D and D-A converters also impose some latency of their own, and there may also be other 'hidden extras', such as interface DSP code, that have further latency implications. For example, I measured a total of 189 samples of extra latency on my Echo Mia, 152 samples on M-Audio's Duo and 91 samples on the Egosys Wami Rack 192X. These figures may also change from driver revision to driver revision.
To the rescue in 2004 came Michael Tippachs' freeware ASIO4ALL overlay, which employed the same techniques and has since been widely used by many musicians to perform two main tasks. The first is providing the on-board sound chips found on most PC laptops with low-latency ASIO support. While these chips are mostly restricted to 16-bit operation and rarely provide good audio quality, they are nevertheless extremely handy if you want to 'travel light' with your laptop and make some music. Prior to ASIO4ALL, the only Cubase driver alternatives provided by Steinberg for them were the ASIO Multimedia Driver and the ASIO DirectX Full Duplex Driver, neither of which resulted in latencies much below about 20ms. With ASIO4ALL, my laptop soundchip managed an excellent 5ms latency.ASIO4ALL may not have the most professional-looking Control Panel, but it can work rather well if you want to mix several different interfaces and run them simultaneously in an ASIO-compatible host application.
The driver is written for the three major Firewire chip sets (Oxford Semiconductor, Wavefront Semiconductor and BridgeCo), so version 1.0 should support a wide variety of interfaces, including the Apogee Rosetta 200, Behringer FCA202, Focusrite Saffire, M-Audio Firewire Solo and Ozonic keyboard and Miglia Harmony Audio. Future versions of the driver could add support for products from Alesis, Presonus and Yamaha, amongst others. Round-trip latency (recording plus playback) should be under 10ms, and supported ASIO host applications so far include Cubase LE, SE and SX, Nuendo, Live, Sound Forge and Vegas, Sonar 5 and Reason, with others, such as Acid and Fruity Loops, to follow. Given the pedigree of some of the supported products and applications, I expect this new driver to create a lot of interest in the ranks of professional musicians.
The best low latency audio interfaces provide a faster, higher bandwidth I/O channel to your computer. They also use better drivers (usually ASIO) which radically improves latency compared to most computers' built-in sound cards (Macs fare better than Windows in this regard).
Since a while ago, the stock Linux kernel (with CONFIG_PREEMPT=y, default in Arch Linux vanilla kernel) has proven to be adequate for low latency operation. Latency in an operating system context is the time between the moment an interrupt occurs in hardware, and the moment the corresponding interrupt-thread gets running. Unfortunately, some device drivers can introduce higher latencies. So depending on your hardware, drivers, and requirements, you might want a kernel with hard realtime capabilities. 2ff7e9595c
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